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Desiccation-tolerance ability in photosynthetic organisms is largely based on a battery of photoprotective mechanisms. Xanthophyll cycle operation induced by desiccation in the absence of light has been previously proven in the desiccation-tolerant fern Ceterach officinarum. To understand the physiological function of xanthophyll cycle induction in darkness and its implication in the desiccation tolerance...
The effects of dark-induced stress on the evolution of the soluble metabolites present in senescent soybean (Glycine max L.) nodules were analysed in vitro using 13C- and 31P-NMR spectroscopy. Sucrose and trehalose were the predominant soluble storage carbons. During dark-induced stress, a decline in sugars and some key glycolytic metabolites was observed. Whereas 84% of the sucrose disappeared, only...
The flowers of several families of seed plants warm themselves when they bloom. In some species, thermogenesis is regulated, increasing the rate of respiration at lower ambient temperature (Ta) to maintain a somewhat stable floral temperature (Tf). The precision of this regulation is usually measured by plotting Tf over Ta. However, such measurements are influenced by environmental conditions,...
Polyamines have been attributed a general role in fruit development in several plants like pea and tomato. To investigate the involvement of these compounds in parthenocarpic fruit development in Citrus clementina, we have isolated three genes encoding aminopropyl transferases in this species: CcSPDS, CcSPM1 and CcACL5. The unambiguous identity of the proteins encoded by these genes was confirmed...
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) catalyze hydroperoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to form structurally and functionally diverse oxylipins. Precise physiological and biochemical functions of individual members of plant multigene LOX families are largely unknown. Herein we report on molecular and biochemical characterization of two closely related maize 9-lipoxygenase paralogs, ZmLOX4 and ZmLOX5...
The molecular basis of many physiological and/or phenotypic adaptations of alpine plants remains largely unknown. The upper leaves of what are termed “glasshouse plants” have been transformed into translucent bracts that cover their inflorescences. This change in appearance is believed to allow such plants to maintain normal sexual reproduction under very cold conditions. Thus, it is hypothesized...
Transcription profiling analysis identified Saccharum hybrid DIRIGENT (SHDIR16) and Ο-METHYLTRANSFERASE (SHOMT), putative defense and fiber biosynthesis-related genes that are highly expressed in the stem of sugarcane, a major sucrose accumulator and biomass producer. Promoters (Pro) of these genes were isolated and fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. Transient and stable transgene expression...
Schismus arabicus, a desert annual grass, is one of the most common pasture annuals in the deserts of Israel and Asia. S. arabicus exhibits a unique set of adaptations and survival strategies, which enable it to germinate, develop and produce seeds even in years with annual rainfall of less than 100 mm. The current study examined whether an annual rhythm exists in the survival ability of S. arabicus...
A major constraint for incorporating new traits into cassava using biotechnology is the limited list of known/tested promoters that encourage the expression of transgenes in the cassava’s starchy roots. Based on a previous report on the glutamic-acid-rich protein Pt2L4, indicating a preferential expression in roots, we cloned the corresponding gene including promoter sequence. A promoter fragment...
The β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase III (KAS III; EC 2.3.1.180) is a condensing enzyme catalyzing the initial step of fatty acid biosynthesis using acetyl-CoA as primer. To determine the mechanisms involved in the biosynthesis of fatty acids in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) developing seeds, a cDNA coding for HaKAS III (EF514400) was isolated, cloned and sequenced. Its protein sequence...
The organization of plant microtubule arrays is thought to be regulated by phosphorylation and other signaling cascades, but the molecular components involved are largely unknown. We have previously found that a dominant missense mutation (phs1-1) in a putative kinase-docking motif of an Arabidopsis PHS1 phosphatase, which belongs to the mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP) family, compromises...
The calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) family is needed in plant signaling during various physiological pathways. The ArabidopsisAtCPK6 gene belongs to the subclass of stress-inducible CDPKs, which is stimulated by salt and osmotic stress. To elucidate the physiological function of AtCPK6, transgenic Arabidopsis plants under the control of double CaMV 35S promoter were obtained. AtCPK6 over-expressing...
An apoplastic barrier consisting of callose and lipid layers in the perisperm–endosperm (PE) envelope is known to restrict inward and outward transport of solutes in cucurbit seeds. The present work examines permeability properties of the barrier using cucumber seed as a model system. Osmometrically determined osmotic potential of the apoplastic fluid was used as a basis for osmotic studies aimed...
Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plants, which when occurs in excess in the growth medium, becomes toxic to plants. Rapid inhibition of root elongation is one of the most distinct symptoms of B toxicity. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is emerging as a potential messenger molecule involved in modulation of physiological processes in plants. In the present study, we investigated the role of H2S in...
Early studies on plant polyamine research pointed to their involvement in responses to different environmental stresses. During the last few years, genetic, transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches have unravelled key functions of different polyamines in the regulation of abiotic stress tolerance. Nevertheless, the precise molecular mechanism(s) by which polyamines control plant responses to stress...
Tyrosine hydroxylase, an iron containing tetrahydrobiopterin dependent monooxygenase (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase; EC 1.14.16.2), catalyzes the rate-limiting step in which l-dopa is formed from the substrate l-tyrosine. l-Dopa concentration and activity of l-tyrosine hydroxylase enzyme were measured in roots, stem, leaves, pods, and immature seeds of Mucuna pruriens. Immature seeds contained maximum...
Monoclonal antibodies were raised against rhamnogalacturonan I backbone, a pectin domain, using Arabidopsis thaliana seed mucilage-derived rhamnogalacturonan I oligosaccharides—BSA conjugates. Two monoclonal antibodies, designated INRA-RU1 and INRA-RU2, selected for further characterization, were specific for the backbone of rhamnogalacturonan I, displaying no binding activity against the other pectin...
The number of different anthocyanin molecules potentially produced by Arabidopsis thaliana and which anthocyanin molecule is the first product of anthocyanidin modification remain unknown. To accelerate the understanding of these questions, we investigated anthocyanin biosynthesis in rosette leaves of both pap1-D and wild-type (WT) A. thaliana plants grown in nine growth conditions, which were composed...
The messenger RNA of the rice seed storage protein prolamine is targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes surrounding prolamine protein bodies via a mechanism, which is dependent upon both RNA sorting signals and the actin cytoskeleton. In this study we have used an RNA bait corresponding to the previously characterized 5′CDS prolamine cis-localization sequence for the capture of RNA binding...
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